stefansson-wrangel-09-25-004

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of clothes throughout, and a good fill of good grub. Then we and started for Nome where we arrived September 13, 1914.

(Signed) John Hadley.

We have been telling the story from Hadley's manuscript, but nearly every impression I have of Wrangell Island and the adventures and trials of Hadley and his companions is from the stories he told me during the long winter evenings, sometimes with excessive elaboration but more often in brief, disjointed sentences that would have been incomprehensible to a listener not thoroughly familiar with the whole background of polar environment, sailor ethics, and human nature as it manifests itself in remote isolation under circumstances different from the ordinary routine of sailor life.

Without a trace of callousness but with a recognition of the inevitable, Hadley believed that a second winter on Wrangell Island would have meant the death of all those not active and self supporting. This was not so much because the productive hunters would have refused to share what they got with the others, but rather because he believed both food and activity to be necessary for health. It seemed to me that the lives of the whole party were saved by the King and Winge but Hadley always maintained stoutly that himself, the Eskimos and probably two or three of the white men would have lived through the winter and through any number of successive winters. He believed also that these same people could have crossed to the mainland of Siberia, a hundred miles away, after the middle of the winter, and he said they would have done so except for the possibility that some

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sick people might have been still living at that time to hold them back.

Hadley considered that the entire party from the Karluk could have "had a picnic" on Wrangell Island for one or several years if the following things had been done; The big Eskimo walrus hunting boat (umiak) which had been placed on board the Karluk for such an emergency, should have been brought ashore after the shipwreck. Doing this would have necessitated throwing away perhaps a thousand pounds of provisions and petroleum. This Hadley considered would have been of no consequence, for the petroleum was unnecessary in any case as there was abundant driftwood for fuel on Wrangell Island, and the food thrown away would have been negligible because unlimited quantities of walrus meat and fat could have been secured with the skin-boat. The hunting, or at least the use of ammunition, should have been confined to only a few of the party who either knew already how to use rifles or showed themselves capable of learning quickly. But as a matter of fact, thousands of rounds of ammunition were fired off by anyone who wanted to, the target in many cases being distant birds on the wing.

It has been the rule on all exploratory journeys of my various expeditions when we have been living entirely by hunting that no shot was ever fired at an animal smaller than a wolf. Thus we have been able to maintain for more than ten years an average of over a hundred pounds of meat (live weight) for every bullet fired. Hadley thought this average could have been excelled at Wrangell Island if a skin-boat had been available and if the shooting had been restricted to a few of the most capable men.

To the reader unfamiliar with polar conditions and even to those polar explorers who are used to living on provisions brought from home, the story of the Karluk party on Wrangell Island seems one of unrelieved and inevitable tragedy. Out of twenty-five persons involved eight lives had been lost during the sixty-mile journey from the shipwreck

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to the island, and three on the island itself. Nearly every venture in hunting and travel had turned out badly.

But Hadley had lived in the Arctic for a quarter of a century, taking part sometimes in the various activities necessary for self support and always associated more or less directly with natives or white people who were making their living by hunting, sealing or fishing. On the basis of what he knew about the north coast of Canada and Alaska and about Victoria, Banks and other islands where we had been living by hunting for years, Hadley insisted that Wrangell Island was by nature one of the most favorable locations in the polar regions for self support by people who knew how to avoid becoming victims of their environment, capitalizing the very conditions that to the inexperienced are handicaps and hardships. Drift logs for the building of comfortable cabins and for indefinite fuel supply are found in Wrangell Island but in none of the other islands to the north of North America. in that important respect Wrangell, therefore, excels all other islands. Hadley had never seen walrus so abundant and so easy to get (with a skin-boat); polar bears seemed more numerous than in any locality where he had been. Walrus and polar bears are the biggest game animals in the Arctic and the easiest for the skilled hunter to secure. Seals, more elusive to even the best hunters, were abundant around Wrangell Island and obtainable, of course, on the same basis there as in any other arctic country. The island was separated from Siberia by only a hundred miles of average sea ice such as we are accustomed to travel over at about twelve miles a day. On my various expeditions I have traversed perhaps two thousand miles of similar ice, generally more mobile and dangerous. The numerous hospitable traders and reindeer-owning natives of Siberia, therefore, were near neighbors, as things look to an arctic explorer. ¶ Hadley was constantly

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saying that his next ambition was to go back to Wranggell Island to establish himself there permanently. We talked much of his doing this with my co-operation. I was as much in love with the Arctic after eleven years as he was after twenty. In our mind’s eye we could see the northward march of civilization down the great rivers of Canada and Siberia constantly coming nearer that island-dotted Mediterranean between the Old world and the New which we call the Arctic Ocean. We foresaw that air navigation by dirigibles and planes would have a special field in this new development and that the arctic islands would, therefore, acquire a positional value in addition to whatever intrinsix value they might have by reason of their mineral riches or their vegetation and animal life. I took it for certain that the first permanent transarctic air route for fast mail and for passengers in a hurry would be north from London and then south to Tokyo. This route would mean a saving of several thousand miles in distance and, in our opinion, would be preferable in some ways to any other flying route between these two great cities. It would, however, lie far from Wrangell Island and would at first sight appear to have no bearing upon its value. But we knew that for a hundred years the treeless prairies of North America had been considered worthless because they had no trees, and then the point of view had suddenly changed so that the farmers actually began to prefer the prairie to the forest. When they that change in mental attitude appeared in one part of the American continent it spread rapidly to every other part. Similarly, the success of a London to Tokyo flight would almost instantaneously change the world’s point of view with regard to the polar regions, making those lands coveted that had previously been despised, and that no matter how far they lay from the routes immediately practicable commercially.

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It was these conversations with Captain Hadley that led me to formulate the plans of the Wrangell Island Expedition that eventually sailed north. Unfortunatley, Hadley could not be in command of it, for he died in San Francisco of influenza during the great epidemic of 1918-19. Had he been the leader, the tragic story we have yet to tell would certainly have been very different and probably very far from tragic.