ENPages That Need Review
Warren, John. Lectures upon anatomy :.
(seq. 30)
As it would be very inconvenient for one who [planned?] undertake to [?] take to pieces the Mechanism of a Clock or Watch to [descend?] interrupt the Course of his Demonstrations, by animadverting upon to the nature of [?] and the modes of operating and tampering them with their respective properties & Uses but would be most convenient previously to define & describe those simple component parts so it will greatly facilitate the accomplishments of our purpose, to enter upon the Investig Inquiry into particular Parts compound Organs of the human Body with such Ideas previously obtained as will gives constitute a general Knowledge not only of an Animal as d as found for the functions of Life, but of those modifications of [?] [?] which are necessary in order render these fit Materials for making up the whole animal Body for another Division vide p14 In pursuing this Intention I shall endeavour to convey my [?] Ideas in the most simple and familiar Terms so as to render them as intangible as possible to those who have never had my Acquaintance with the first Principles of medical Knowledge
(seq. 32)
and it can be no Disadvantage to those who have been a long time pursuing medical studies to revert to the fundamental Principles of their Profession
If any Demonstration of anatomical [Description?] should not be thoroughly understood it is desired that such Inquiries may be made as may lead to the most ample and [?] satisfaction; I could wish no [?] to be used on Occasions as I shall always be ready to contribute as far as lies in my Power to the removing of Doubts and explaining Difficulties which may occur to your Heads in the prosecution of your studies
And you may be persuaded Gentlemen that I have nothing more at [Heart?], than your Entertainment and rational Satisfaction together with the Dignity of the University whose [Integrity?] I am in Duty as well as Inclination bound to [?] together your [lecture?] [?] in the [?]
(seq. 34)
A General Division into [?] fluids 1 Blood The other Division of our Subjects is into 2 Fibres 3 Muscles, Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, tendons, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lympha[?], Glands, [?] Vessels, 4 Membranes, 5 Fat Viscera
We have in the introductory Lecture this Division considered anatomy as synthetically analytically divided into the six Branches above enumerated, and to their respective Division may each particular Part be constantly referred as they become the Subject of Demonstration in the following Course; all those Divisions have formerly been comprehended under the [?] more general Heads solid and fluid; solids the latter under those of of Osteology and Sarcology - but as we shall generally find zur advantage in an analysynthetical method of describing the Parts of the Animal Body; we are obliged to make Use of a still [?] particular Arrangement, as it respects the constituent part of the System - such an Arrangement is made by considered the whole of those Divisions as offering themselves to Examination under the form of Blood Fibres & [?]
The Blood is to be considered as containing the Principles from which all the other fluids even the solids are formed * and the various Juices of the Body are [?] those principles variously combined in order to produce the necessary Difference in their Nature and properties [??] vid 5 p. The human Body is an hydraule Machine vid. [?] Lect. 2
* The only difference seems to be in the [?]ion of a greater or less number of [?] Particles the Fluid being the most simple Part of the System
(seq. 40)
the [?] In General mixed with Alcohol or strong mineral Acids it is coagulated - as also by [?]sive Motion and may be congealed into an indis[?]able - but by the milder vegetable [?] [?]juice; Vinegar, Lime Juice &c and by alcaline Salts fixed or volatile, especially the last and by Nitre & all neutral Salts it continues or even reafirmes its former Fluidity
(seq. 42)
The Quantity of Blood and other fluids in the animal Body taken together [succeeds?] that of the Solids and according to a conjecture of Haller the circulating Mass alone in [Man?] is equal to about 50 Pounds weight. 1/5th part being the red Blood current in the Arteries & Veins 1/5 Part of it in the Arteries & 4/5th in the Veins
The Use of the Crassamentum is supposed be that of generating a proper Degree of animal Heat, whence we find the Heat always in proportion to the Quantity of it being greatest in bad [?] and athletic Men The Use of the Serum is to [?] Nutrition [?] to the Parts and of the Lymph & thinner Juices to [?] the Matter of [?] Nutrition
[?] [?]
(seq. 143)
Lect 5
Sometimes little Knots in Nerves called Ganglions or Swellings of the Nerves their Figure is different & they are in great Numbers in the Intercostal Nerve & are oppos= ite to every Vertebra, some are long, others round. At their place, the Substance of the Nerve seems to be changed softer & more red, the first cervical Ganglion of the inter= costal Nerve is the largest in the Body. Ganglions are found, where the Nerves give off their Branches. The Gang= of the Nerve is the Anatomical Ganglion, but the Chi= rurgical Ganglion, for which is generally called a Ganglion in Surgery is a swelling of the Tendon
Of their Structure & Use Some, as [Lancessi?] says, are swellings of the Muscualr Fibres he calls them Corcula or little Hearts, which he thinks by cont= racting stop the Nervous Influence or over=rules it, therefore Ganglions are not in Nerves going to the Organs of sense as the Ear, Eye, etc As they must be always ready to receive Impressions & such an Apparatus in them would be needless but in those only that go to the Muscles. Others thought, that every little ganglion was an Additamentum of the Brain, pro= ducing more nervous Filaments, but in its Texture, it ap= pears different from the Brain, nor should we imagine
(seq. 145)
68
Lect 5
them to give off nervous Filaments. A French Author thought from their Appearance after Amputation that anglions were owing to Pressure & Inflammation but we must allow that natural Ganglions are very dif= ferent because in many places they lie out of reach of ressure. Also in a young Fetus Ganglions appear to be regularly formed, it does not appear, that the true Nature & Use of ganglions are Yet Understood. The Term= ination of Nerves is little understood in Comparison with that of the Arteries & Veins because the latter may be injected, but nerves cannot. Allowing them to be Instru= mentsof Sensation we may conclude then, that they term= inate in every part of the Body, however minute. It is a common Opinion that nerves, before they terminate, drop their Coats & end in a soft pulpy Substance they give no Proof of this otherwise than reasoning from Analogy, but it appears from Dissection of Nerves, that this is not really the Case -- Of the Use of Nerves turn to the [?] one page forward They are found to be the Instruments of Communication between the Mind , the actuation Principle & the corporeal Substance. The Mind receives by them its Information of what is transacted in the Body & likewise Sensations from external Objects; & they are the Rulers & Managers of muscu= lar motion carrying the Influence of the Mind & producing
(seq. 146)
It is the opinion of some Physiologists that the nerves are the principal Instruments employed in the [?] [Economy?] for supplying Nourishment to repair the [?]ical Waste of the [?] of Attention and [Abrasion?] or [?] that the nerves are made use for supplying the nutritious particles to their respective Places, and this they inferred chiefly from the Circumstance of the brain which is to be [considered?] as the source or fountain of all the nerves being proportionally larger in Proportion in Infants than in Adults by [ ] or [ ]
(seq. 151)
71
Lect 5
To convery sensations, & another to perform Muscular Motion - A question arises here in what Manner are sensations produced? This is not known & perhaps never will. Some suppose, they are produced by Vibration, the constituent nerves being solid Chords & ima= gine, that when they are to convey the Influence of the Mind to the Muscle, the Vibration begins in their Origin being produced in the Brain by the Mind, but in carrying Sensa= tions to the Brain, it is vibrated from without & it was thought, that the Vibratory Motion of the Nerves was the most likely to account for the Sympathy of Parts. It is ob= jected then of what Use is the Brain, but it may be said, to be necesary for the Residence of the Mind. In Answer to this M.r In. Hunter observes that the brain is not affected by acids nor has it as lange a Proportion of Earth in the Composition as other parts. The material objections are the Unfitness of the extremities of the nerves to receive a vibra tory motion as they termeniate in a soft pulpy substance, but there is no proof of this, tho' it is thought they do end in a tender substance. their course also is until for this purpose they are soft & lie in Contact with other Parts & are
(seq. 159)
75
The smallest particles of [?] Substances above mentioned to constitute the fluids of the body but two of those particles being brought into contact and united by Means of the Glue prepared within the [?] [?] Most simple of all fibres May be conceived as forming the smallest and most simple fibre. The Length of all other fibres will be greater in proportion to the larger num[bers?] of earthy particles disposed in a rectilineal Direction and united by means of an interventing Glue - The Lymph of the blood seems to consist of the parts above mentioned and to be properly prepared by the Vital Powers so[?] forming the necessary cohesion amongst the particles thus disposed - Water which enters with the composition of Water [??] Power [?] [Gluten?], has an incredible Power of uniting bodies together, as is daily seen in the making of Mortar, of bricks and in many other manufactures where Water being united with dry Earths Clay or the Powder of [calcined?] Shells gives them the Property of being converted into the hardest stones - and even in the driest bones which have laid for a long time exposed to evaporating Powers and appear to be perfectly free from Moisture, a very considerable quantity of Water may be separated by Distillation and then What is left behind being extremely brittle
The Effect of Putrefaction is strikingly exhibited in the Appearance of a human body which has been buried a number of year and has never been removed from its original Position - after three or 4 years it is not uncommon for it to retain its perfect form, so as to admit of the features being readily known but the moment it is impress'd by the slightest touch the whole body [?] crumbles falls to dust, and after a longer span of time even the bones themselves have been [??]